Efficient use of dynamic host configuration protocol in low power and lossy networks

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, each of a plurality of devices in a computer network is configured to i) transmit a unicasted dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) solicit message to a neighbor device having a route to a border router as an assumed DHCP relay without regard to location of a DHCP server, and ii) operate as a DHCP relay to receive unicasted DHCP solicit messages and relay the solicit message to the border router of the network without regard to location of the DHCP server, and to relay a DHCP reply to a corresponding requestor device.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to computer networks, and, moreparticularly, to use of a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) inLow power ad Lossy Networks (LLNs).

BACKGROUND

Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs), e.g., sensor networks, have amyriad of applications, such as Smart Grid and Smart Cities. Variouschallenges are presented with LLNs, such as lossy links, low bandwidth,battery operation, low memory and/or processing capability, etc.Internet Protocol (IP)-based LLNs in a “route-over” configuration definea link-local scope to be those nodes reachable using a single linktransmission (e.g., wireless/radio or power-line communication, “PLC”).In cases where multiple radio transmission are required to reach adestination, all routing and forwarding occurs at the network layerusing IP.

Devices in an IP-based mesh network, like any other IP network, requirea certain amount of network- and application-layer configuration whenjoining a network. Such configuration information may include IP addressassignment, Domain Name Services (DNS) server addresses, IP prefixdelegation, etc. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6(DHCPv6) (generally described and known in the art through the InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF) “RFC 3315”) provides a standard way todistribute configuration information to devices across a network. DHCPv6may be used in a stateless configuration where parameters aredistributed to requesting clients without maintaining per-client state(e.g., DNS server addresses). DHCPv6 may also be used in a statefulconfiguration where parameters are selected specifically for eachrequesting client and the server must maintain per-client state toremember what values were provided to which client.

In a route-over LLN, it is infeasible to place DHCPv6 servers withinlink-local scope of all devices in the LLN. Doing so would require allnodes to perform DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation, which would unnecessarilydivide up the address space across all devices and make assumptions onthe number of devices they can assign address too. In s particular, thechallenge with DHCPv6 is that it was fundamentally designed forEthernet-like networks (e.g., Switched Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, etc.) thatprovide significant communication resources (e.g., large channelcapacity, high throughput, efficient broadcast communication, etc.). Inparticular, DHCPv6 requires the use of link-local multicast to discoverneighboring DHCPv6 Relay Agents or Servers. For example, DHCPv6 clientsmust transmit a Solicit message to a link-local multicast address. Adevice in a typical Smart Grid deployment may have hundreds of neighborsand a single Solicit message may cause hundreds of responses fromneighboring devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments herein may be better understood by referring to thefollowing description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich like reference numerals indicate identically or functionallysimilar elements, of which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example computer network;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example network device/node;

FIGS. 3A-3E illustrate an example of efficient dynamic hostconfiguration protocol (DHCP) usage in the computer network;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example simplified procedure for efficiently usingDHCP in the computer network from the perspective of a device as a DHCPrelay; and

FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified procedure for efficiently usingDHCP in the computer network from the perspective of a device as a DHCPclient.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Overview

According to one or more embodiments of the disclosure, each of aplurality of devices in a computer network is configured to i) transmita unicasted dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) solicit messageto a neighbor device having a route to a border router as an assumedDHCP relay without regard to location of a DHCP server, and ii) operateas a DHCP relay to receive unicasted DHCP solicit messages and relay thesolicit message to the border router of the network without regard tolocation of the DHCP server, and to relay a DHCP reply to acorresponding requestor device.

Specifically, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure, afirst device in a computer network advertises a route to a border routerof the computer network to a second device, and may then receive aunicasted DHCP solicit message from a the second device (a requestordevice). In response, the first device relays the solicit message to theborder router of the network without regard to location of a DHCPserver, and then relays a DHCP reply from the device to the requestordevice.

Description

A computer network is a geographically distributed collection of nodesinterconnected by communication links and segments for transporting databetween end nodes, such as personal computers and workstations, or otherdevices, such as sensors, etc. Many types of networks are available,ranging from local area networks (LANs) to wide area networks (WANs).LANs typically connect the nodes over dedicated private communicationslinks located in the same general physical location, such as a buildingor campus. WANs, on the other hand, typically connect geographicallydispersed nodes over long-distance communications links, such as commoncarrier telephone lines, optical lightpaths, synchronous opticalnetworks (SONET), synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) links, orPowerline Communications (PLC) such as IEEE 61334, IEEE P1901.2, andothers. In addition, a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a kind ofwireless ad-hoc network, which is generally considered aself-configuring network of mobile routes (and associated hosts)connected by wireless links, the union of which forms an arbitrarytopology.

Smart object networks, such as sensor networks, in particular, are aspecific type of network having spatially distributed autonomous devicessuch as sensors, actuators, etc., that cooperatively monitor physical orenvironmental conditions at different locations, such as, e.g.,energy/power consumption, resource consumption (e.g., water/gas/etc. foradvanced metering infrastructure or “AMI” applications) temperature,pressure, vibration, sound, radiation, motion, pollutants, etc. Othertypes of smart objects include actuators, e.g., responsible for turningon/off an engine or perform any other actions. Sensor networks, a typeof smart object network, are typically shared-media networks, such aswireless or PLC networks. That is, in addition to one or more sensors,each sensor device (node) in a sensor network may generally be equippedwith a radio transceiver or other communication port such as PLC, amicrocontroller, and an energy source, such as a battery. Often, smartobject networks are considered field area networks (FANs), neighborhoodarea networks (NANs), etc. Generally, size and cost constraints on smartobject nodes (e.g., sensors) result in corresponding constraints onresources such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth.Correspondingly, a reactive routing protocol may, though need not, beused in place of a proactive routing protocol for smart object networks.

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an example computer network 100illustratively comprising nodes/devices 200 (e.g., labeled as shown,“root,” “11,” “12,” . . . “24,” and described in FIG. 2 below)interconnected by various methods of communication. For instance, thelinks 105 may be shared media (e.g., wireless links, PLC links, etc.),where certain nodes 200, such as, e.g., routers, sensors, computers,etc., may be in communication with other nodes 200, e.g., based ondistance, signal strength, current operational status, location, etc.Also, the root node may be configured to provide access for the localcomputer network (e.g., nodes 11-24) to and from a global computernetwork, e.g., WAN 130. Also, as described below, the WAN 130 maycomprise or provide access to a “DHCP Server” 135. Those skilled in theart will understand that any number of nodes, devices, links, etc. maybe used in the computer network, and that the view shown herein is forsimplicity.

Data packets 140 (e.g., traffic and/or messages sent between thedevices/nodes) may be exchanged among the nodes/devices of the computernetwork 100 using predefined network communication protocols such ascertain known wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE Std. 802.15.4, WiFi,Bluetooth®, etc.), PLC protocols, or other shared-media protocols whereappropriate. In this context, a protocol consists of a set of rulesdefining how the nodes interact with each other.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an example node/device 200 thatmay be used with one or more embodiments described herein, e.g., as anyof the nodes shown in FIG. 1 above. The device may comprise one or morenetwork interfaces 210 (e.g., wireless, PLC, etc.), at least oneprocessor 220, and a memory 240 interconnected by a system bus 250, aswell as a power supply 260 (e.g., battery, plug-in, etc.).

The network interface(s) 210 contain the mechanical, electrical, andsignaling is circuitry for communicating data over links 105 coupled tothe network 100. The network interfaces may be configured to transmitand/or receive data using a variety of different communicationprotocols. Note, further, that the nodes may have two different types ofnetwork connections 210, e.g., wireless and wired/physical connections,and that the view herein is merely for illustration. Also, while thenetwork interface 210 is shown separately from power supply 260, for PLCthe network interface 210 may communicate through the power supply 260,or may be an integral component of the power supply. In some specificconfigurations the PLC signal may be coupled to the power line feedinginto the power supply.

The memory 240 comprises a plurality of storage locations that areaddressable by the processor 220 and the network interfaces 210 forstoring software programs and data structures associated with theembodiments described herein. Note that certain devices may have limitedmemory or no memory (e.g., no memory for storage other than forprograms/processes operating on the device and associated caches). Theprocessor 220 may comprise necessary elements or logic adapted toexecute the software programs and manipulate the data structures 245. Anoperating system 242, portions of which are typically resident in memory240 and executed by the processor, functionally organizes the device by,inter alia, invoking operations in support of software processes and/orservices executing on the device. These software processes and/orservices may s comprise routing process/services 244 and an illustrative“DHCP process” 248, as described herein.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other processor andmemory types, including various computer-readable media, may be used tostore and execute program instructions pertaining to the techniquesdescribed herein. Also, while the description illustrates variousprocesses, it is expressly contemplated that various processes may beembodied as modules configured to operate in accordance with thetechniques herein (e.g., according to the functionality of a similarprocess). Further, while the processes have been shown separately, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that processes may be routines ormodules within other processes.

Routing process (services) 244 contains computer executable instructionsexecuted by the processor 220 to perform functions provided by one ormore routing protocols, such as proactive or reactive routing protocolsas will be understood by those skilled in the art. These functions may,on capable devices, be configured to manage a routing/forwarding table(a data structure 245) containing, e.g., data used to makerouting/forwarding decisions. In particular, in proactive routing,connectivity is discovered and known prior to computing routes to anydestination in the network, e.g., link state routing such as OpenShortest Path First (OSPF), orIntermediate-System-to-Intermediate-System (ISIS), or Optimized LinkState Routing (OLSR). Reactive routing, on the other hand, discoversneighbors (i.e., does not have an a priori knowledge of networktopology), and in response to a needed route to a destination, sends aroute request into the network to determine which neighboring node maybe used to reach the desired destination. Example reactive routingprotocols may comprise Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), DynamicSource Routing (DSR), DYnamic MANET On-demand Routing (DYMO), etc.Notably, on devices not capable or configured to store routing entries,routing process 244 may consist solely of providing mechanisms necessaryfor source routing techniques. That is, for source routing, otherdevices in the network can tell the less capable devices exactly whereto send the packets, and the less capable devices simply forward thepackets as directed.

Notably, mesh networks have become increasingly popular and practical inrecent years. In particular, shared-media mesh networks, such aswireless or PLC networks, etc., are often on what is referred to asLow-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs), which are a class of network inwhich both the routers and their interconnect are constrained: LLNrouters typically operate with constraints, e.g., processing power,memory, and/or energy (battery), and their interconnects arecharacterized by, illustratively, high loss rates, low data rates,and/or instability. LLNs are comprised of anything from a few dozen andup to thousands or even millions of LLN routers, and supportpoint-to-point traffic (between devices inside the LLN),point-to-multipoint traffic (from a central control point such at theroot node to a subset of devices inside the LLN) and multipoint-to-pointtraffic (from devices inside the LLN towards a central control point).

An example protocol specified in an Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) Internet Draft, entitled “RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for LowPower and Lossy Networks” <draft-ietf-roll-rpl-19> by Winter, at al.(Mar. 13, 2011 version), provides a mechanism that supportsmultipoint-to-point (MP2P) traffic from devices inside the LLN towards acentral control point (e.g., LLN Border Routers (LBRs) or “rootnodes/devices” generally), as well as point-to-multipoint (P2MP) trafficfrom the central control point to the devices inside the LLN (and alsopoint-to-point, or “P2P” traffic). RPL (pronounced “ripple”) maygenerally be described as a distance vector routing protocol that buildsa Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) for use in routing traffic/packets 140,in addition to defining a set of features to bound the control traffic,support repair, etc. Notably, as may be appreciated by those skilled inthe art, RPL also supports the concept of Multi-Topology-Routing (MTR),whereby multiple DAGs can be built to carry traffic according toindividual requirements.

In particular, a DAG is a directed graph having the property that alledges are oriented in such a way that no cycles (loops) are supposed toexist. All edges are contained in paths oriented toward and terminatingat one or more root nodes (e.g., “clusterheads or “sinks”), often tointerconnect the devices of the DAG with a larger infrastructure, suchas the Internet, a wide area network, or other domain. In addition, aDestination Oriented DAG (DODAG) is a DAG rooted at a singledestination, i.e., at a single DAG root with no outgoing edges. A“parent” of a particular node within a DAG is an immediate successor ofthe particular node on a path towards the DAG root, such that the parenthas a lower “rank” than the particular node itself, where the rank of anode identifies the node's position with respect to a DAG root (e.g.,the farther away a node is from a root, the higher is the rank of thatnode). Note also that a tree is a kind of DAG, where each device/node inthe DAG generally has one parent or one preferred parent. DAGs maygenerally be built (e.g., by routing process 244) based on an ObjectiveFunction (OF). The role of the Objective Function is generally tospecify rules on how to build the DAG (e.g. number of parents, backupparents, etc.).

As noted above, devices in an IP-based mesh network, like any other IPnetwork, require a certain amount of network- and application-layerconfiguration when joining a network. Such configuration information mayinclude IP address assignment, Domain Name Services (DNS) serveraddresses, IP prefix delegation, etc. The Dynamic Host ConfigurationProtocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) (generally described and known in the artthrough the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) “RFC 3315”) providesa standard way to distribute configuration information to devices acrossa network. DHCPv6 may be used in a stateless configuration whereparameters are distributed to requesting clients without maintainingper-client state (e.g., DNS server addresses). DHCPv6 may also be usedin a stateful configuration where parameters are selected specificallyfor each requesting client and the server must maintain per-client stateto remember what values were provided to which client.

In a route-over LLN, it is infeasible to place DHCPv6 servers withinlink-local scope of all devices in the LLN. Doing so would require allnodes to perform DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation, which would unnecessarilydivide up the address space across all devices and make assumptions onthe number of devices they can assign address too. In particular, thechallenge with DHCPv6 is that it was fundamentally designed forEthernet-like networks (e.g., Switched Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, etc.) thatprovide significant communication resources (e.g., large channelcapacity, high throughput, efficient broadcast communication, etc.). Inparticular, DHCPv6 requires the use of link-local multicast to discoverneighboring DHCPv6 Relay Agents or Servers. For example, DHCPv6 clientsmust transmit a Solicit message to a link-local multicast address. Adevice in a typical Smart Grid deployment may have hundreds of neighborsand a single Solicit message may cause hundreds of responses fromneighboring devices.

DHCP for LLNs

The techniques herein improve the efficiency of DHCP (e.g., DHCPv6)within an LLN while maintaining interoperability with a standard DHCPv6server. As described in detail herein, this is achieved by: 1) pushingthe DHCPv6 Server to the edge of the LLN (e.g. border router) or into abackend (e.g., datacenter) reachable over IP to maintain a central pointof control; 2) implementing a DHCPv6 Relay on every LLN device to ensurethat any device can relay messages for neighboring nodes; 3) havingDHCPv6 Relays forward all client messages to the border router to removeneed to discover and maintain the server's IP address; 4) having DHCPv6Clients unicast Solicit messages to avoid unnecessary duplication inrelaying the message; and 5) using the Rapid Commit option to avoidneeding to maintain the ID of the DHCPv6 server and minimize the numberof messages during an exchange with the server.

Specifically, according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure asdescribed in detail below, each of a plurality of devices in a computernetwork is configured to i) transmit a unicasted DHCP solicit message toa neighbor device having a route to a border router as an assumed DHCPrelay without regard to location of a DHCP server, and ii) operate as aDHCP relay to receive unicasted DHCP solicit messages and relay thesolicit message to the border router of the network without regard tolocation of the DHCP server, and to relay a DHCP reply to acorresponding requestor device. That is, according to one or moreembodiments of the disclosure, a first device in a computer networkadvertises a route to a border router of the computer network to asecond device, and may then receive a unicasted DHCP solicit messagefrom a the second device (a requestor device). In response, the firstdevice relays the solicit message to the border router of the networkwithout regard to location of a DHCP server, and then relays a DHCPreply from the device to the requestor device.

Illustratively, the techniques described herein may be performed byhardware, software, and/or firmware, such as in accordance with the DHCPprocess 248, which may contain computer executable instructions executedby the processor 220 to perform functions relating to the noveltechniques described herein, e.g., in conjunction with routing process244. For example, the techniques herein may be treated as extensions toconventional DHCP protocols (e.g., DHCPv6), and as such, may beprocessed by similar components understood in the art that execute thoseprotocols, accordingly.

Operationally, in a route-over network, each device performs all routingand forwarding functions at the network layer using IP. As a result,destinations out of a single transmission range require the use of IProuting and forwarding to properly deliver packets/datagrams to them.RPL is one such IP-based routing protocol that is designed for LLNs.According to the techniques herein, a single DHCPv6 Server provides allconfigurations for a given LLN. The DHCPv6 Server may sit on the edge ofan LLN (e.g., on an LLN border router, such as the root node) or aseparate DHCP Server 135 in a backend environment (e.g., datacenter,NOC, etc.) reachable by the LLN over IP (e.g., via WAN 130).

According to the embodiments herein, all devices in the LLN areconfigured to operate as (implement) a DHCPv6 Relay. DHCPv6 is typicallyused to obtain global IPv6 addresses. As such, a DHCPv6 Clientcommunicates with a neighboring device using link-local addresses.Because the physical topology of an LLN is difficult to predict andtime-varying, having each device implement a DHCPv6 Relay gives ensuresthat all devices in the network can communicate with a DHCPv6 Relay.

After advertising a route to a border router (advertisement 341 in FIG.3A), a DHCPv6 relay device (e.g., node 11) may receive unicasted DHCPsolicit messages 342 (FIG. 3B) from requestor devices (DHCP clientdevices, e.g., node 21). As shown in FIG. 3C, the DHCPv6 Relay deviceforwards client messages directly to the LLN border router using the LLNborder router's IP address, thus relaying the solicit message (relaymessage 343) to the border router of the network without specific regardto the location of an actual DHCP server. When using RPL, for example,the IP address of the border router (root node) may be distributed usingRPL “DODAG Information Object” (DIO) messages. The border router eitherimplements the DHCPv6 Server or instead operates as a DHCPv6 Relay. Ifthe border router implements a DHCPv6 Relay, then it is configured torelay client messages directly to the DHCPv6 Server 135 located outsideof the local network beyond the border router using the server's IPaddress, as shown in FIG. 3D (relay message 344 and server reply 345).

By having each device forward client messages to the border routerrather than the DHCPv6 server directly, the devices do not need to beconfigured with the DHCPv6 Server's IP address. Not only does thisreduce the size of DHCPv6 Reply messages, but it significantly reducesthe overhead of configuring or changing the DHCPv6 Server's IP addressesbecause it avoids communication over the resource-constrained network.Forwarding all DHCPv6 client messages to the border router effectivelymakes the DHCPv6 Relay a stateless process.

DHCPv6 Clients initiate requests by unicasting a DHCPv6 Solicit message342, e.g., with the Rapid Commit option (described below), to anyneighboring device that is advertising a route (advertisement 341). Thatis, the neighbor selected as a relay device must be advertising a routeto the border router to ensure that the neighbor has connectivity to theborder router.

Note that the use of unicast communication differs from RFC 3315, whichrequires all Solicit messages to be sent using multicast communication.Because unicast solicitations are explicitly disallowed in RFC 3315,DHCPv6 Relays in the LLN must be modified to allow for such unicastsolicitations. Unicast communication, in particular, is often preferredto broadcast communication in LLNs because unicast is more efficient. Infrequency-hopping (channel-hopping) networks, unicast communicationbetween a transmitter-receiver pair can utilize a channel scheduleindependent of other transmitter-receiver pairs. In contrast, abroadcast medium is typically shared with all other neighboring devices.An additional problem with multicast is that multiple neighboringdevices will forward the same message, which is wasteful. With unicast,on the other hand, only a single DHCPv6 Relay selected by the Clientwill forward the Solicit message toward the server, and relaying a DHCPreply (relayed reply 346 as in FIG. 3E) to the initiatingrequestor/client device.

Using the Rapid Commit option in Solicit messages 342 as mentioned abovemay reduce the DHCPv6 exchange to two messages, rather than thetraditional four-message “Solicit-Advertise-Request-Reply” exchange asdescribed in RFC 3315. When indicated within the solicit message 342,therefore, the only received message in response to the solicit message342 is the relayed reply 346. Note that the use of the rapid commitoption also removes the need for the DHCPv6 client to maintain the DHCPunique ID (DUID) of the DHCPv6 Server, as may be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example simplified procedure for efficiently usingDHCP in the computer network from the perspective of a device as a DHCPrelay in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Theprocedure 400 starts at step 405, and continues to step 410, where, adevice (e.g., node 11) advertises a route to a border router of a localcomputer network, e.g., to the root node. As described in greater detailabove, in step 415 the device, which is configured to operate as a DHCPrelay, receives a unicasted DHCP solicit message 342 from a requestordevice (e.g., node 21). The DHCP relay device then relays the solicitmessage (relay message 343) to the border router of the network withoutregard to location of a DHCP server. As noted above, the border routeris either configured as a DHCP server, or as a DHCP relay with actualknowledge of the DHCP server 135's location via WAN 130.

In step 425, the DHCP relay device (node 11) receives a DHCP reply345/346 from the DHCP server as described above, and then relays thereply to the requestor device in step 430. Note that as mentioned above,the reply 346 to the requestor may generally be the only response, suchas where the rapid commit option was indicated in the initial solicitmessage 342. The procedure ends in step 435.

In addition, FIG. 5 illustrates an example simplified procedure forefficiently using DHCP in the computer network from the perspective of adevice as a DHCP client in accordance with one or more embodimentsdescribed herein. The procedure 500 starts at step 505, and continues tostep 510, where the DHCP client device (e.g., node 21) receives anadvertisement 341 for a route from one or more neighbor devices (e.g.,nodes 11 and 22) to a border router of the local computer network. Instep 515, the client device may select any one of the neighbor device(s)as an assumed DHCP relay, and transmits a unicasted DHCP solicit message342 in step 520 to the selected neighbor device as an assumed DHCP relaywithout regard to location of a DHCP server.

In step 535, the client device may receive a relayed DHCP reply 346 fromthe neighbor device with the desired DHCP information. As mentionedabove, the solicit message 342 may indicate a rapid commit option, inwhich case the reply 346 is the only response to the solicit message342. The procedure 500 ends in step 530, notably with the option for theDHCP client device to now act as a DHCP relay device for other clientdevices, as in FIG. 4 above.

It should be noted that while certain steps within procedures 400-500may be optional as described above, the steps shown in FIGS. 4-5 aremerely examples for illustration, and certain other steps may beincluded or excluded as desired. Further, while a particular order ofthe steps is shown, this ordering is merely illustrative, and anysuitable arrangement of the steps may be utilized without departing fromthe scope of the embodiments herein. Moreover, while procedures 400-500are described separately, certain steps from each procedure may beincorporated into each other procedure, and the procedures are not meantto be mutually exclusive.

The novel techniques described herein, therefore, provide for efficientDHCP for LLNs. In particular, by configuring each device in an LLN as aDHCP relay, the techniques herein allow interoperability with a standardDHCPv6 Server to provide configurations to LLN devices, which isparticularly beneficial to provide central administrative control overthe distribution of configuration information into an LLN. Also, byutilizing unicast transmissions (e.g., for solicit messages), sincebroadcast communication is often costly in LLNs, transmission overheadof DHCPv6 is minimized, and duplicate replies are essentiallyeliminated. Moreover, implementing a DHCPv6 Relay or Server in theborder router, and forwarding all DHCP client messages to the borderrouter, eliminates communication and state overhead in maintaining theDHCP Server's IP address among devices in the LLN. Furthermore, the useof rapid commit option minimizes message overhead, as well as stateoverhead by avoiding the need to maintain the DHCP Server's DHCP uniqueID (DUID).

While there have been shown and described illustrative embodiments thatprovide for efficient DHCP for LLNs, it is to be understood that variousother adaptations and modifications may be made within the spirit andscope of the embodiments herein. For example, the embodiments have beenshown and described herein with relation to LLNs. However, theembodiments in their broader sense are not as limited, and may, in fact,be used with other types of constrained network and/or associatedprotocols. For instance, while RPL is used as an illustrative protocol,such that the border router is a root node of is a DAG, other suitableprotocols may be used in the computer network herein. Also, while thetechniques are generally described according to DHCPv6 (RFC 3315),protocols similar to DHCPv6 may be used, and as such, the use of “DHCP”is merely an illustrative example protocol for dynamically configuringhosts, accordingly.

The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments. Itwill be apparent, however, that other variations and modifications maybe made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or allof their advantages. For instance, it is expressly contemplated that thecomponents and/or elements described herein can be implemented assoftware being stored on a tangible (non-transitory) computer-readablemedium (e.g., disks/CDs/etc.) having program instructions executing on acomputer, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. Accordingly thisdescription is to be taken only by way of example and not to otherwiselimit the scope of the embodiments herein. Therefore, it is the objectof the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications ascome within the true spirit and scope of the embodiments herein.

1-13. (canceled)
 14. A method, comprising: receiving, at a device, anadvertisement for a route from a neighbor device to a border router of acomputer network; transmitting, at the device, a unicasted dynamic hostconfiguration protocol (DHCP) solicit message to the neighbor device asan assumed DHCP relay without regard to location of a DHCP server; andreceiving, at the device, a relayed DHCP reply from the neighbor device,wherein the border router is a root node of a directed acyclic graph(DAG).
 15. The method as in claim 14, wherein the border router is oneof either i) the DHCP server or ii) a DHCP relay wherein the DHCP serveris located outside of the network beyond the border router.
 16. Themethod as in claim 14, wherein the transmitted solicit message indicatesa rapid commit option, the method further comprising: receiving, at thedevice, only the relayed reply in response to the solicit message. 17.The method as in claim 14, wherein the DHCP is DHCP for InternetProtocol version 6 (DHCPv6).
 18. The method as in claim 14, wherein thenetwork is a low power and lossy network (LLN).
 19. (canceled)
 20. Anapparatus, comprising: one or more network interfaces to communicate ina computer network; a processor coupled to the network interfaces andadapted to execute one or more processes; and a memory configured tostore a process executable by the processor, the process when executedoperable to: receive an advertisement for a route from a neighbor deviceto a border router of a computer network; transmit a unicasted dynamichost configuration protocol (DHCP) solicit message to the neighbordevice as an assumed DHCP relay without regard to location of a DHCPserver; and receive a relayed DHCP reply from the neighbor device,wherein the border router is a root node of a direct acyclic graph(DAG).
 21. The apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the border router isone of either i) the DHCP server or ii) a DHCP relay wherein the DHCPserver is located outside of the network beyond the border router. 22.The apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the transmitted solicit messageindicates a rapid commit option, wherein the process when executed isfurther operable to: receive only the relayed reply in response to thesolicit message.
 23. The apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the DHCP isDHCP for Internet Protocol version 6 (DHCPv6).
 24. (canceled)
 25. Atangible non-transitory computer readable medium storing programinstructions that cause a computer to execute a process, the processcomprising: receiving an advertisement for a route from a neighbordevice to a border router of a computer network; transmitting aunicasted dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) solicit message tothe neighbor device as an assumed DHCP relay without regard to locationof a DHCP server; and receiving a relayed DHCP reply from the neighbordevice, wherein the border router is a root node of a directed acyclicgraph (DAG).
 26. The tangible non-transitory computer readable medium asin claim 25, wherein the border router is one of either i) the DHCPserver or ii) a DHCP relay wherein the DHCP server is located outside ofthe network beyond the border router.
 27. The tangible non-transitorycomputer readable medium as in claim 25, wherein the transmitted solicitmessage indicates a rapid commit option, the process further comprising:receiving only the relayed reply in response to the solicit message. 28.The tangible non-transitory computer readable medium as in claim 25,wherein the DHCP is DHCP for Internet Protocol version 6 (DHCPv6). 29.The tangible non-transitory computer readable medium as in claim 25,wherein the network is a low power and lossy network (LLN).